Consideraciones médico-legales laborales de la fórmula de Balthazard / Occupational medical-legal considerations of the Balthazard formula

La determinación del porcentaje de pérdida en pacientes lesionados con múltiples secuelas por riesgos de trabajo resulta un verdadero reto para el perito, esto adquiere mayor relevancia cuando en el fuero judicial se pueden presentar discrepancias en los criterios para el uso o no de fórmulas matemáticas para el cálculo. La fórmula de suma combinada, creada por el Médico Forense Víctor Balthazard, no es más que un ordenamiento de una regla de tres que ordena los porcentajes otorgados a cada secuela de mayor a menor para evitar que el porcentaje final sobrepase el 100%, o bien que resulte en un porcentaje mayor que una secuela única puntuada en el baremo y que por gravedad en la intensidad de la misma resulte con un porcentaje menor al calculado por la secuela múltiple y que se ha utilizado en fueros laborales y de seguridad social alrededor del mundo. El Baremo contenido en el Código de Trabajo no establece explícitamente la forma en que se calcula el porcentaje de pérdida por secuelas múltiples, lo cual brinda libertad al perito para utilizar fórmulas, como lo es la fórmula de suma combinada, que permite calcular de forma congruente las pérdidas sucesivas sin sobrepasar a la persona más allá de su capacidad general total del 100% o de otorgar porcentajes mayores a secuelas de mayor gravedad que la suma de las pérdidas por el evento que se está valorando.

The determination of the percentage of loss in injured patients with multiple sequelae due to occupational hazards is a real challenge for the expert, this becomes even more relevant when in the judicial system there may be discrepancies in the criteria for the use or not of mathematical formulas for the calculation. The combined sum formula, created by the Forensic Physician Victor Balthazard, is nothing more than an arrangement of a rule of three that orders the percentages given to each sequel from highest to lowest to avoid that the final percentage exceeds 100%, or that it results in a higher percentage than a single sequel scored in the scale and that due to the severity in the intensity of the same results in a lower percentage than that calculated for the multiple sequel and that has been used in labor and social security courts around the world. The Schedule contained in the Labor Code does not explicitly establish the way in which the percentage of loss for multiple sequelae is calculated, which gives the expert the freedom to use formulas, such as the combined sum formula, which allows a congruent calculation of the successive losses without exceeding the person's total general capacity of 100% or to grant higher percentages to sequelae of greater severity than the sum of the losses for the event being valued.

Individual Identification in Facial Appearance Biometrics Based on Macroscopical Comparison / 法医学杂志

Individual identification is one of the research hotspots in the practice of forensic science, and the judgment is usually built on the comparison of the unique biological characteristics of the individual, such as fingerprints, iris and DNA. With the dramatic increase in the number of cases related to video image investigations, there is an increasing need for the technology to identify individuals based on the macroscopic comparison of facial appearance biometrics. At present, with the introduction of computer three-dimensional (3D) modeling and 3D superimposition comparison technology, considerable progress has been made in individual identification methods based on macroscopic comparison of facial appearance biometrics. This paper reviews individual facial appearance biometric methods based on macroscopical comparison, comprehensively analyzes the advantages and limitations of different methods, and puts forward recommendations and prospects for subsequent research.

Ferramentas e Protocolos Utilizados na Perícia Criminal Relacionados à Voz: Revisão de Literatura / Tools and Protocols Used in Criminal Skills Related to Voice: Literature Review / Herramientas y Protocolos Utilizados en la Experiencia Criminal Relacionados a la Voz: Revisión de Literatura

A perícia criminal tem como objetivo compor provas para esclarecer crimes, sendo que na Fonoaudiologia, dentre as possibilidades de ação, a perícia fonética relacionada à voz pode ser uma destas ferramentas. Objetivo: Verificar quais as ferramentas ou protocolos utilizados pelos profissionais brasileiros para a realização da perícia forense fonética relacionada aos parâmetros vocais. Método: Pesquisa de revisão bibliográfica integrativa a partir da consulta isolada e combinada dos descritores em ciências da saúde: medicina legal, voz, perícia criminal, crimes e fonoaudiologia nos bancos de dados Lilacs, Scielo, Google Scholar, Open Grey e Open Thesis. Resultados: De 457 acervos, oito foram selecionados para leitura na íntegra. A identificação de um criminoso através da voz tem sido realizada nas perícias forenses tendo em vista que a voz apresenta características possíveis de comparação, principalmente a frequência fundamental, os formantes das vogais, o voice onset time. Cuidados quanto ao registro devem ser efetivados para que as provas não sejam excluídas dos processos criminais, sendo analisadas de forma imparcial. É uma área recente na Fonoaudiologia que carece de publicações na área. Conclusão: Os recursos utilizados na perícia forense fonética relacionada aos parâmetros vocais vão desde o profissional capacitado, de diferentes áreas do conhecimento (Linguística, Fonoaudiologia, Engenharia, Direito etc.) até o uso de softwares que possam comparar a voz de diferentes falantes. Há escassez de literatura e o exercício de tal prática requer capacitação profissional interdisciplinar.

The criminal investigation aims to compose evidence to clarify crimes, and in Speech Therapy, among the possibilities of action, voice-related phonetic expertise may be one of these tools. Objective: To verify the tools or protocols used by Brazilian professionals to perform phonetic forensics related to vocal parameters. Method: Research of integrative bibliographic review from the isolated and combined consultation of the descriptors in health sciences: legal medicine, voice, criminal expertise, crimes and speech therapy in the Lilacs, Scielo, Google Scholar, Open Gray and Open Thesis databases. Results: Of 457 collections, eight were selected for reading in their entirety. The identification of a criminal through the voice has been carried out in forensic examinations since the voice presents possible characteristics of comparison, mainly the fundamental frequency, the vowels formants, the voice onset time. Registration care must be carried out so that the evidence is not excluded from criminal prosecution, being analyzed in an impartial manner. It is a recent area in Speech Therapy that lacks publications in the area. Conclusion: The resources used in phonetic forensic expertise related to vocal parameters range from the qualified professional, from different areas of knowledge (Linguistics, Speech Therapy, Engineering, Law, etc.) to the use of software that can compare the voice of different speakers. There is a shortage of literature and the practice of such practice requires interdisciplinary professional training.

La pericia criminal tiene como objetivo componer pruebas para aclarar crímenes, siendo que en la Fonoaudiología, entre las posibilidades de acción, la pericia fonética relacionada a la voz puede ser una de estas herramientas. Objetivo: Verificar cuáles son las herramientas o protocolos utilizados por los profesionales brasileños para la realización de la pericia forense fonética relacionada a los parámetros vocales. En el presente trabajo se analizaron los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de los resultados obtenidos en el estudio. Resultados: De 457 acervos, ocho fueron seleccionados para lectura en su totalidad. La identificación de un criminal a través de la voz ha sido realizada en las pericias forenses teniendo en vista que la voz presenta características posibles de comparación, principalmente la frecuencia fundamental, los formantes de las vocales, el voice onset time. Los cuidados en cuanto al registro deben ser efectivos para que las pruebas no sean excluidas de los procesos criminales, siendo analizadas de forma imparcial. Es un área reciente en la Fonoaudiología que carece de publicaciones en el área. Conclusión: Los recursos utilizados en la pericia forense fonética relacionada a los parámetros vocales van desde el profesional capacitado, de diferentes áreas del conocimiento (Lingüística, Fonoaudiología, Ingeniería, Derecho, etc.) hasta el uso de softwares que puedan comparar la voz de diferentes hablantes. Hay escasez de literatura y el ejercicio de tal práctica requiere una capacitación profesional interdisciplinaria.

Postmortem interval estimation based on Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera, Calliphoridae) in a forensic case in the Andean Amazon, Caquetá, Colombia / Intervalo pós-morte estimado a partir de Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera, Calliphoridae) em um caso forense na Amazônia Andina, Caquetá, Colômbia

This is the first application of forensic entomology in a case involving a human corpse found in the urban area of the Municipality of Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, in the Piedemont of the Colombian Amazon. Three days after removing the body from the scene, pupae and puparia were collected and identified as Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera, Calliphoridae). The postmortem interval was estimated on the basis of previously published data and verified through accumulated degree hours (ADH) and intrapuparial development. The estimated minimum postmortem interval was of 229 hours (9.5 days).

Esta é a primeira aplicação da entomologia forense em um caso envolvendo um cadáver humano encontrado em uma área urbana do Município de Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, no Piedemonte da Amazônia Colombiana. Três dias após a remoção do corpo da área, pupas e pupários foram coletados e identificados como Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera, Calliphoridae). O intervalo pós-morte (IPM) foi estimado com base em dados publicados previamente e verificado usando graus-horas acumulados (GHA) e desenvolvimento intrapuparial. O intervalo pós-morte mínimo estimado foi de 229 horas (9.5 dias).

New Progress of MALDI-TOF-IMS in the Study of Proteomics / 法医学杂志

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-IMS) has been a classical technique for studying proteomics in present and a tool for analyzing the distribution of proteins and small molecules within biological tissue sections. MALDI-TOF-IMS can analyze multiple unknown compounds in biological tissue sections simultaneously through a single measurement which can obtain molecule imaging of the tissue while maintaining the integrity of cellular and molecules in tissue. In recent years, imaging mass spectrometry technique develops relatively quickly in all biomedical domain. This paper based on the relevant data and reviews the present developing level of MALDI-TOF-IMS, the principle of imaging mass spectrometry, methology and the prospect in forensic pathology.

Estimativa do intervalo pós-morte em um canino (Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus 1758) pela entomologia forense em Cabedelo-PB, Brasil: relato de caso / Estimate of postmortem interval through forensic entomology in a canine (Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus 1758) in Cabedelo-PB, Brazil: case report

O intervalo pós-morte (IPM) é um instrumento importante de diagnóstico relacionado à prática forense. O uso de insetos tem sido relatado como um modo eficiente para estimá-lo, quando o cadáver encontra-se em estágio avançado de decomposição. Objetivou-se com este trabalho estimar o IPM com base em evidências entomológicas em um canino. Foram coletadas larvas de moscas no cadáver e encaminhadas ao laboratório de entomologia, onde foram criadas e eclodiram adultos da espécie Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819). Somando-se os dados abióticos de temperatura e umidade relativa do local de coleta e do local de criação, estimou-se um IPM mínimo de 3,34 dias do momento da postura dos ovos pelas moscas até a coleta das larvas. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a entomologia forense, como ferramenta para estimativa do IPM, mostrou-se eficaz e determinante na elucidação do caso em questão.

The postmortem interval (PMI) is an important tool for diagnosis related to the forensic practice. The use of insects has proved to be an efficient diagnosis tool when the cadaver is in advanced decomposition stage. The objective of this work was to estimate PMI based on entomological evidence in a canine. Fly larvae was collected from the cadaver and forwarded to the Entomology laboratory. The fly larvae were reared and hatched adults of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann 1819). With these insects and the abiotic data of temperature and relative humidity, from the places of collection and rearing larvae, a minimum PMI of 3.34 days from the laying of eggs by the flies until the time that we collected the larvae was obtained. The results show that Forensic Entomology as tool to estimate PMI is decisive and effective in the elucidation of the case.

Reflection of estimating postmortem interval in forensic entomology and the Daubert standard / 法医学杂志

Estimating postmortem interval (PMI) is always the emphasis and difficulty in forensic practice. Forensic entomology plays a significant indispensable role. Recently, the theories and technologies of forensic entomology are increasingly rich. But many problems remain in the research and practice. With proposing the Daubert standard, the reliability and accuracy of estimation PMI by forensic entomology need more demands. This review summarizes the application of the Daubert standard in several aspects of ecology, quantitative genetics, population genetics, molecular biology, and microbiology in the practice of forensic entomology. It builds a bridge for basic research and forensic practice to provide higher accuracy for estimating postmortem interval by forensic entomology.

The role and significance of microRNA in human cardiovascular disease and forensic science / 法医学杂志

microRNA (miRNA or miR) is a small single stranded non-coding RNA (21-25nt) that regulates gene expression in almost creatures. Currently, plenty of researches on how miRNA affects human cardiovascular disease have been reported. This review highlights recent findings about the role of miRNA in heart tissue and circulation correlated with human cardiovascular disease and explores the application of miRNA in sudden cardiac death in forensic science.

Estudio preliminar de patrones de mordedura según forma del cráneo, mediante el análisis morfológico y morfométrico de semiarcadas dentarias de perro doméstico (Canis familiaris) con fines de identificación / Preliminary study of bite patterns according to skull shape, by morphological and morphometric analysis of dental semi arcs of domestic dog (Canis familiaris) for identification

La Odontología forense es una rama de las Ciencias Forenses que se utiliza para establecer la identidad de una víctima o victimario mediante el estudio de las huellas de mordeduras, estimación de edad cronológica, entre otros. Dada la inexistencia de este tipo de estudios en Chile y la magnitud que alcanza el problema de mordidas de perros en Chile, se compararon los patrones de huellas de mordedura según forma del cráneo, mediante el análisis morfológico y morfométrico de semiarcadas dentarias de perro doméstico (Canis familiaris) con fines médico legal. Para ello se obtuvieron modelos dentarios en yeso e impresiones de huellas de mordedura en cera de tres razas puras: Bóxer, Dálmata y Ovejero Alemán. Las mediciones contemplaron la distancia máxima externa entre caninos superiores e inferiores y la distancia máxima externa entre incisivos superiores e inferiores. Los principales resultados muestran que sólo la distancia máxima entre caninos superiores permitiría identificar la raza en forma estadísticamente significativa (p0,05) en los modelos de yeso. En el estudio ciego y desde el punto de vista morfométrico se identificaron especialmente los Dálmata con un alto grado de sensibilidad y especificidad. Un poco menor y en forma variable se observó en Bóxer y Ovejero Alemán. El estudio morfológico permitió identificar e individualizar al 100 por ciento de los perros. Por tanto los métodos morfométricos y morfológicos son herramientas complementarias para identificar e individualizar a un posible perro agresor.

Forensic dentistry is a branch of Forensic Sciences used to establish the identity of a crime victim or perpetrator, among these studies are bite marks and dental chronological age studies. In the absence of such studies in Chile and considering the widespread problem of dog bites in Chile, bite patterns were compared according to skull shape, by morphological and morphometric analysis of dental semi arcs of domestic dog (Canis Familiaris) for medico legal purposes. Plaster dental models and impressions of bite marks were obtained of three pure breeds: Boxer, Dalmatian and German shepherd. Measures included he maximum external distance between upper and lower canine, and maximum external distance between upper and lower incisors. Main results show that only the maximum distance between upper canine would allow statistically significant race identification, (p0.05) in cast models. In a blind study and from a morphometric point of view, Dalmatians were identified with a high rate of sensitivity and specificity. A somewhat lesser and variable form was observed in Boxer and German Shepherd. The morphological study allowed identification and individualization of 100 percent of dogs. Therefore, both morphological and morphometric methods are useful and complementary tools to identify and individualize a potentially aggressive dog.

Proximal femoral epiphysis anatomy in chilean population: orthopedic and forensic aspects / Anatomía del epífisis proximal del fémur en la población chilena. Aspectos traumatológicos y forenses

From a biomechanical standpoint, bone geometry and density are factors correlated to the bone resistance of the femur when supporting body weight, with geometric parameters like the diameter of the femoral head and neck, the length of the femoral neck, and the femoral neck angle as determinant factors in the incidence of hip fractures, which increase in frequency and seriousness in osteoporotic patients. In Chile, morphometric data that contributes to relating the anatomy of the proximal epiphysis of the femur as an associated factor in hip fractures does not exist; likewise, there are no anthropometric indexes that may contribute to the forensic sciences. The purpose of this study is to establish average measurements of the proximal epiphysis of the femur in the adult Chilean population. Descriptive Study. The proximal epiphyses of 81 dry adult femurs were analyzed (44 right and 37 left bones), measuring the following parameters: length of the femoral neck (LN), femoral neck angle (FNA), circumference of the femoral head (CH) and circumference of the femoral neck (CN). The statistical relationship between the measurements and the side of each sample was analyzed (t-test p=0.05). The average lengths were LN= 3.59cm (+/- 0.43 cm); FNA= 124.17 (+/- 6.37), CH= 14.34 cm (+/- 1.27 cm) and CN= 9.7 cm (+/- 0.87 cm). No significant differences between the left and right sides were found. Average numbers were obtained for the anatomy of the proximal femoral epiphysis from a sample in the Chilean population. With the data obtained, we propose to carry out anatomo-clinical, epidemiologic and forensic studies in this population.

Desde un punto de vista biomecánico, la geometría y la densidad ósea son factores correlacionados con la resistencia del hueso del fémur al apoyar el peso corporal, con los parámetros geométricos, como el diámetro de la cabeza femoral y el cuello, la longitud del cuello del fémur, y el ángulo del cuello femoral factores determinantes en la incidencia de fracturas de cadera, que aumentan en frecuencia y gravedad en los pacientes con osteoporosis. En Chile, no existen datos morfométricos que relacionen la anatomía de la epífisis proximal del fémur como un factor asociado a las fracturas de cadera ni índices antropométricos que pueden contribuir a las ciencias forenses. El propósito de este estudio es establecer las medidas promedio de la epífisis proximal de fémur en población adulta chilena. Estudio Descriptivo. Se analizaron la epífisis proximal de 81 fémures adultos secos (44 derechos y 37 izquierdos), midiendo los siguientes parámetros: longitud del cuello femoral (LC) , ángulo cérvico-diafisiario femoral (ACD), circunferencia de la cabeza femoral (CCa) y circunferencia del cuello femoral (CCu). Se analizó la relación estadística de las medidas con el lado de cada muestra (test Chi cuadrado p:0,05) Las longitudes promedios fueron LC: 3,59 cm (+/- 0,43 cm); ACD: 124,17 (+/- 6,37 cm); CCa: 14,34 cm (+/- 1,27 cm) y CCu: 9,7 cm (+/- 0,87 cm). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el lado derecho e izquierdo. Los resultados proponen la necesidad de realizar estudios anatomo-clínicos y epidemiológicos actualizados en población chilena donde la geometría de la epífisis proximal del fémur se incluya dentro del análisis.

Digital forensics: A technological revolution in forensic sciences.

Computer Forensics World is a growing community of professionals involved in the digital forensics industry. It is an open resource, free for all to access and to use. Digital investigations and crime regularly cross international and language borders today. Open database connectivity technology is now providing access to a wide range of database technologies, such as neural networks and pattern recognition databases, which are being used to analyze shoe prints and tool marks. These new computer-aided analysis tools can link and chart case information, allowing the investigator to question the data and pose scenarios as well as suggest and follow possible investigative paths. As a result, connections that often took weeks or months to come to light are revealed in a fraction of the time. Forensics is just beginning to get looked at, but the problems are cost and government is slow to adopt new technology. In this paper we discussed about the kingdom of Digital Forensics and Computer Forensic World. The study consists of Computer Forensic World, Digital Forensics (MEK, AFF, and Keyword Search etc.), and the Future Forensics Labs.

Taxa de desenvolvimento de Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) em dieta artificial acrescida de tecido animal para uso forense / Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) developmental rate on artificial diet with animal tissues for forensic purpose

A entomologia forense utiliza dados biológicos e ecológicos de insetos necrófagos com o objetivo de auxiliar as investigações criminais, na estimativa do intervalo pós-morte (IPM) ou na descoberta da causa da morte. Trabalhos recentes têm demonstrado que a presença de toxinas nos tecidos em decomposição pode alterar a taxa de desenvolvimento de insetos que usam esse recurso. Assim, testes preliminares usando dietas artificiais em laboratório são necessários para a criação de um banco de dados como padrão para investigar e quantificar as possíveis modificações em insetos coletados da cena criminal, para não gerar dados imprecisos sobre o IPM. No presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar a taxa de desenvolvimento de imaturos de Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) criados em diferentes substratos: a) dietas artificiais contendo tecido de origem animal: fígado (D1), músculo moído (D2) e rúmen (D3) bovinos, além de coração de frango (D4); b) dieta sem tecido animal (D5) e; c) um grupo controle (C), somente em carne bovina. A eficiência de cada substrato foi observada pelo ganho de massa dos imaturos, tempo de desenvolvimento larval, sobrevivência larval e pupal, intervalo de emergência e tamanho dos adultos. As dietas D1 a D4 não restringiram o desenvolvimento larval de C. albiceps, no entanto, D1 e D2 apresentaram baixa emergência de adultos. D3 e o grupo controle foram muito similares em relação a alguns fatores de eficiência (taxa e intervalo de emergência). Assim, o uso da dieta D3, dieta artifical mais rúmen de bovinos é o mais recomendado.

Forensic entomology uses biological and ecological aspects of necrophagous insects to help in criminal investigations to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI) or to determine the cause of death. Recent papers demonstrated that the presence of toxins in decomposing tissues may alter the insect developmental rate of insects exploiting such tissues as food. Thus, preliminary tests with artificial diets in laboratory are necessary to create a database to investigate and quantify the modifications that can occur with the collected insects from a criminal scene, avoiding any errors on the PMI estimates. The present study aimed to evaluate the developmental rate of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) reared on: a) artificial diets containing animal tissues: bovine liver (D1), raw muscle (D2), stomach (D3), and chicken heart (D4); b) artificial diet without animal tissue (D5); and c) a control group (C), which had only meat. The efficiency of each substrate was assessed by immature weight gain (mg), larval developmental time, larval and pupal survival, emergence interval and adult size. D1 to D4 diets did not restrict C. albiceps development; however, larvae reared on D1 and D2 diets presented a lower adult emergence rate. D3 and control group showed similarities regarding the efficiency parameters (rate and emergence interval). Thus, the use of diet D3, artificial diet with stomach, is the most recommended.

Extract human DNA from maggot crop contents by phenol-chloroform method coupled with paramagnetic particle method / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish an effective phenol-chloroform method coupled with paramagnetic particle method for human DNA extraction from maggot crop contents in STR genotyping.@*METHODS@#Human DNA was extracted from the maggot crop contents using phenol-chloroform method and purified by paramagnetic particle method. DNA was quantified by PCR with Quantifiler Human DNA Quantification Kit using 7500 real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR instrument. PCR products were genotyped by AmpFlSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit using 3130XL-Avant genetic analyzer.@*RESULTS@#The template DNA yield by the method described were increased at least 2 times than the phenol-chloroform extraction method alone. All of the full 16 STR profiles could be obtained with the samples extracted by this method when the DNA yield reached (0.218 +/- 0.041) ng/microL.@*CONCLUSION@#Phenol-chloroform method coupled with paramagnetic particle method can effectively increase the sensitivity of STR analysis of human DNA recovered from maggot crop contents and is a valuable tool for forensic entomology.

Polymorphisms of eleven Y-chromosome STR loci and forensic application in Yunnan Han population / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To abtain the genetic polymorphisms data of eleven Y-chromosome STR loci in Yunnan Han population, and to evaluate its forensic application values, which will provide the base data for forensic application.@*METHODS@#DYS391, DYS389 I, DYS439, DYS389 II, DYS438, DYS437, DYS19, DYS392, DYS393, DYS390 and DYS385a/b loci were amplified by using Powerplex Y PCR amplification Kit and were analyzed by 310 genetic analyzer. 201 unrelated male individuals of Han population in Yunnan were investigated to determine the distributions of allele frequencies and haplotypes.@*RESULTS@#3, 5, 6, 8, 5, 4, 5, 8, 4, 7 alleles were found across the Y-STR loci except DYS38556 haplotypes were found across DYS385a/b locus. The minimum GD value was 0.4273 (DYS438), and the maximum was 0.9747 (DYS385a/b). 175 haplotypes were found, of which 154 were unique, 16 were found in 2 individuals, 5 were found in 3 individuals, and the observed haplotypes diversity value was 0.9984.@*CONCLUSION@#The 11 Y-STR loci are highly polymorphic and are suitable for forensic personal identification and paternity testing in Yunnan Han population.

Role of forensic doctors in Thailand's tsunami: experiences from Chulalongkorn Medical School.

Personal identification was the major task of forensic doctors in Thailand's Tsunami. Identification can be done by visual identification, circumstantial evidence and physical evidence. Among the physical evidences dental data is the most effective method of identification, followed by fingerprint and DNA. A disaster Identification team should be set up to handle the problems and plan for the future.